Bonsai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Bonsai (disambiguation).
Bonsai listen (help·info) (Japanese: ??, (literally "bon planted", where a 'bon' is a
tray-like pot typically used in bonsai culture[2][unreliable source?] ) is the art
of aesthetic miniaturization of trees, or of
developing woody or semi-woody plants shaped as trees, by growing them in
containers. Cultivation includes techniques for shaping, watering, and
repotting in various styles of containers.
'Bonsai' is a Japanese pronunciation of the earlier
Chinese term penzai (??). The
word bonsai is used in the West as an umbrella
termfor all miniature trees in containers or pots.
History
Container-grown plants, including trees as well as
other plants, have a history stretching back at least to the early times
of Egyptian culture. Pictorial records from around 4000 BC
show trees growing in containers cut into rock. Pharaoh
Ramesses III donated gardens consisting of potted
olives, date palms, and other plants to hundreds of temples.
Pre-Common-Era India used container-grown trees for medicine and food.
The word penzai first
appeared in writing in China during the Jin Dynasty, in the period 265AD
420AD. Over time, the practice developed into
new forms in various parts of China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
Notably, container-grown trees were popularized in
Japan during China's Song Dynasty, a period of cultural
growth when the Japanese experienced and adopted their own versions of
many mainland practices. At this time, the term for dwarf potted trees was
"the bowl's tree" (??? hachi-no-ki[), denoting the use
of a deep pot. The c.1300 rhymed prose essay, Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden, by
the Japanese Zen monk Kokan Shiren, outlines aesthetic
principles for bonsai,bonseki and garden architecture itself. At
first, the Japanese used miniaturized trees grown in containers to
decorate their homes and gardens.
During the Tokugawa period, landscape gardening
attained new importance. Cultivation of plants such as azalea and maples became a
pastime of the wealthy. Growing dwarf plants in containers was also
popular. Around 1800, the Japanese changed the term they used for this art
to their pronunciation of the Chinese penzaiwith
its connotation of a shallower container in which the Japanese could now
more successfully style small trees.[citation needed]
The oldest known living bonsai trees are in the
collection at Happo-en (a private garden and exclusive restaurant) in
Tokyo, Japan, where bonsai are between 400 to 800 years old.[citation needed]
Cultivation
This section needs
additional citations for verification. Please
help improve this article by
adding reliable references. Unsourced
material may be challenged and
removed. (February 2009)
Bonsai are not necessarily genetically dwarfed
plants. They can be created from nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species
which produces true branches and remains small through pot confinement
with crown and root pruning. Some species are more sought after for use as bonsai
material, because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or
needles, that make them appropriate for the smaller design scope of
bonsai. The purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation (for the
viewer) and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity (for the
grower). By contrast with other plant-related practices, bonsai is not
intended for production of food (although some fruit trees can be used as
bonsai bearing limited amounts of seasonal fruit), for medicine (although
some woody herbs can be made into bonsai), or for creating yard-sized or
park-sized landscapes. As a result, the scope of bonsai practice is narrow
and focused on the successful long-term cultivation and shaping of one or
more small trees in a single pot.
Techniques
The practice of bonsai incorporates a number of
techniques either unique to bonsai or, if used in other forms of
cultivation, applied in unusual ways that are particularly suitable to the
bonsai domain.
Leaf trimming: This
technique involves the selective removal of leaves (for most varieties of
deciduous tree) or needles (for coniferous trees and some others) from a
bonsai's trunk and branches. A common esthetic technique in bonsai design
is to expose the tree's branches below groups of leaves or needles
(sometimes called "pads"). In many species, particularly coniferous ones,
this means that leaves or needles projecting below their branches must be
trimmed off. For some coniferous varieties, such as spruce, branches carry
needles from the trunk to the tip and many of these needles may be trimmed
to expose the branch shape and bark. Needle and bud trimming can also be
used in coniferous trees to force back-budding or budding on old wood,
which may not occur naturally in many conifers. Along with
pruning, leaf trimming is the most common activity used for bonsai
development and maintenance, and the one that occurs most frequently
during the year.
Pruning: The small
size of the tree and some dwarfing of foliage result from pruning the trunk, branches,
and roots. Improper pruning can weaken or kill trees. Careful
pruning throughout the tree's life is necessary, however, to maintain a
bonsai's basic design, which can otherwise disappear behind the
uncontrolled natural growth of branches and leaves.
Wiring: Wrapping copper or aluminium wire around
branches and trunks allows the bonsai designer to create the desired
general form and make detailed branch and leaf placements. When wire is
used on new branches or shoots, it holds the branches in place until
theylignify (convert into wood), usually 69 months
or one growing season. Wires are also used to connect a branch to another
object (e.g., another branch, the pot itself) so that tightening the wire
applies force to the branch. Some species do not lignify strongly, and
some specimens' branches are too stiff or brittle to be bent easily. These
cases are not conducive to wiring, and shaping them is accomplished
primarily through pruning.
Clamping: For larger
specimens, or species with stiffer wood, bonsai artists also use
mechanical devices for shaping trunks and branches. The most common are
screw-based clamps, which can straighten or bend a part of the bonsai
using much greater force than wiring can supply. To prevent damage to the
tree, the clamps are tightened a little at a time and make their changes
over a period of months or years.
Grafting: In this
technique, new growing material (typically a bud, branch, or root) is
introduced to a prepared area on the trunk or under the bark of the tree.
There are two major purposes for grafting in bonsai. First, a number of
favorite species do not thrive as bonsai on their natural root stock and
their trunks are often grafted onto hardier root stock. Examples include
Japanese red maple and Japanese black pine. Second,
grafting allows the bonsai artist to add branches (and sometimes roots)
where they are needed to improve or complete a bonsai design. There are
many applicable grafting techniques,
none unique to bonsai, including branch grafting, bud grafting, thread
grafting, and others.
Defoliation: Short-term
dwarfing of foliage can be accomplished in certain deciduous bonsai by
partial or total defoliation of the plant partway through the growing
season. Not all species can survive this technique. In defoliating a
healthy tree of a suitable species, most or all of the leaves are removed
by clipping partway along each leaf's petiole (the thin stem that connects a leaf to
its branch). Petioles later dry up and drop off or are manually removed
once dry. The tree responds by producing a fresh crop of leaves. The new
leaves are generally much smaller than those from the first crop,
sometimes as small as half the length and width. If the bonsai is shown at
this time, the smaller leaves contribute greatly to the bonsai esthetic of
dwarfing. This change in leaf size is usually not permanent, and the
leaves of the following spring will often be the normal size. Defoliation
weakens the tree and should not be performed in two consecutive years.
Deadwood: Bonsai
growers use deadwood bonsai techniques called jin and shari to simulate
age and maturity in a bonsai. Jin is the term used when the bark from an
entire branch is removed to create the impression of a snag of deadwood.
Shari denotes stripping bark from areas of the trunk to simulate natural
scarring from a broken limb or lightning strike. In addition to stripping
bark, this technique may also involve the use of tools to scar the
deadwood or to raise its grain, and the application of chemicals (usually
lime sulfur) to bleach and preserve the exposed deadwood.
are
Watering
With limited space in a bonsai pot, regular attention
is needed to ensure the tree is correctly watered. Sun, heat and wind
exposure can dry bonsai trees to the point of drought in a short
period of time. While some species can handle periods of relative dryness,
others require near-constant moisture. Watering too frequently, or
allowing the soil to remain soggy, promotes fungal infections and root rot.
Free draining soil is used to prevent waterlogging. Deciduous trees are
more at risk of dehydration and will wilt as the soil dries out. Evergreen trees,
which tend to cope with dry conditions better, do not display signs of the
problem until after damage has occurred.
Repotting
Bonsai are repotted and root-pruned at intervals
dictated by the vigour and age of each tree. In the case of deciduous trees, this
is done as the tree is leaving its dormant period, generally around
springtime. Bonsai are often repotted while in development, and less often
as they become more mature. This prevents them from becoming pot-bound and
encourages the growth of new feeder roots, allowing the tree to absorb
moisture more efficiently.
Pre-bonsai material known as potensai, are often
placed in "growing boxes" which are made from scraps of fenceboard or wood
slats. These large boxes allow the roots to grow more freely and increase
the vigor of the tree. The second stage, after using a grow box, has been
to replant the tree in a "training box;" this is often smaller and helps
to create a smaller dense root mass which can be more easily moved into a
final presentation pot.
Tools
Special tools are available for the maintenance of
bonsai. The most common tool is the concave cutter (5th from left in
picture), a tool designed to prune flush, without leaving a stub. Other
tools include branch bending jacks, wire pliers and shears of different
proportions for performing detail and rough shaping.
Soil and
fertilization
Opinions about soil mixes and fertilization vary
widely among practitioners. Some promote the use of organic fertilizers to
augment an essentially inorganic soil mix, while others will use chemical
fertilizers freely. Most use the general rule of little and often due to
the flushing effect when watering, taking care to use the correct
fertilizer at any given time in each season, depending on the tree's
requirements. Bonsai soil is primarily a loose, fast-draining mix of
components, often a base mixture of coarse sand or
gravel, fired clay pellets or expanded shale combined with an organic
component such as peat or bark. In Japan, volcanic soils based on clay are
preferred, such as akadama, or "red ball" soil, and kanuma,
a type of yellow pumice used for azaleas and other calcifuges.
Location
and overwintering
Bonsai are sometimes marketed or promoted as house
plants, but few of the traditional bonsai species can thrive or even
survive inside a typical house. The best guideline to identifying a
suitable location for a bonsai is its native hardiness.
If the bonsai grower can closely replicate the full year's temperature,
humidity, and sunlight, the bonsai should do well. In practice, this means
that trees from a hardiness zone closely matching the grower's location
will generally be the easiest to grow, and others will require more work
or will not be viable at all.
Outdoors
Most bonsai species are outdoor trees and shrubs by
nature, and they require temperature, humidity, and sunlight conditions
approximating their native climate year round. The skill of the gardener
can help plants from outside the local hardiness zone to survive and even
thrive, but doing so takes careful watering, shielding of selected bonsai
from excessive sunlight or wind, and possibly protection from winter
conditions (e.g., through the use of cold boxes or winter
greenhouses).
Traditional bonsai species (particularly those from
the Japanese tradition) are temperate climate
trees, and require moderate temperatures, moderate humidity, and full sun
in summer with a dormancy period in winter that may need be near freezing.
They do not thrive indoors, where the light is generally too dim, and
humidity often too low, for them to grow properly. Only in the dormant
period can they safely be brought indoors, and even then the plants
require cold temperatures and lighting that approximates the number of
hours the sun is visible. Raising the temperature or providing more hours
of light than available from natural daylight can cause the bonsai to
break dormancy, which often weakens or kills it.
Indoors
Tropical and Mediterranean species typically require
consistent temperatures close to room temperature, and with correct
lighting and humidity many species can be kept indoors all year.
Those from cooler climates may benefit from a winter dormancy period, but
temperatures need not be dropped as far as for the temperate climate
plants and a north-facing windowsill or open window may provide the right
conditions for a few winter months.
Containers
Containers come in a variety of shapes and colors,
and may be glazed or unglazed. Containers with straight sides and sharp
corners are generally better suited to formally presented plants, while
oval or round containers might be used for plants with informal shapes.
Most evergreen bonsai are
placed in unglazed pots, while deciduous trees are
planted in glazed pots. The color of the pot should complement the tree,
and many formal and informal rules guide the selection of pot finish and
color for a particular tree. Pots are also distinguished by their size.
The design of the bonsai tree, the thickness of its trunk, and its height
can all be considered when determining the size of of a suitable pot.
Some pots are highly collectible, like ancient
Chinese or Japanese pots made in regions with experienced pot makers such
asTokoname, Japan or Yixing, China. Today many western
potters throughout Europe and the United States produce fine quality pots
for Bonsai.
Unlike many common plant containers, bonsai pots have
drainage holes to allow excess water to drain. The grower usually covers
the holes with a plastic screen or mesh to prevent soil from escaping and
pests from entering the pots from below.
Common
styles
In English, the most common styles include: formal
upright, slant, informal upright, cascade, semi-cascade, raft, literati,
and group/forest.
- The formal upright style, or Chokkan, is characterized by a straight,
upright, tapering trunk. The trunk and branches of the informal upright style, or Moyogi, may incorporate pronounced bends and
curves, but the apex of the informal upright is always located directly
over where the trunk begins at the soil line.
- Slant-style, or Shakan, bonsai possess straight trunks like
those of bonsai grown in the formal upright style. However, the slant
style trunk emerges from the soil at an angle, and the apex of the
bonsai will be located to the left or right of the root base.
- Cascade-style, or Kengai, bonsai are modeled after trees which
grow over water or on the sides of mountains. The apex, or tip of the
tree in the Semi-cascade-style, or Han Kengai, bonsai extend just at or beneath
the lip of the bonsai pot; the apex of a (full) cascade style falls
below the base of the pot.
- Raft-style, or Netsuranari, bonsai mimic a natural phenomenon
that occurs when a tree topples onto its side (typically due to erosion
or another natural force) and branches along the exposed side of the
trunk, growing as if they are a group of new trunks. Sometimes, roots
will develop from buried portions of the trunk. Raft-style bonsai can
have sinuous, straight-line, or slanting trunks, all giving the illusion
that they are a group of separate trees -- while actually being the
branches of a tree planted on its side.
- The literati style, or Bunjin-gi, bonsai is characterized by a
generally bare trunk line, with branches reduced to a minimum, and
typically placed higher up on a long, often contorted trunk. This style
derives its name from the Chinese literati, who were often artists, and
some of whom painted Chinese brush paintings, like those found in the
ancient text, The Mustard
Seed Garden Manual of Painting, depicting pine trees that grew in
harsh climates, struggling to reach sunlight. In Japan, the literati
style is known as bunjin-gi (???). (Bunjin is a translation of the Chinese
phrase wenren meaning "scholars practiced in the
arts" and gi is a
derivative of the Japanese word, ki, for
"tree").
- The group or forest style, or Yose Ue, comprises a planting of more than one
tree (typically an odd number if there are three or more trees, and
essentially never 4 because of its significance in China)
in a bonsai pot. The trees are usually the same species, with a variety
of heights employed to add visual interest and to reflect the age
differences encountered in mature forests.
- The root-over-rock style, or Sekijoju, is a style in which the roots of a
tree (typically a fig tree) are wrapped around a rock. The rock is at
the base of the trunk, with the roots exposed to varying
degrees.
- The broom style, or Hokidachi is employed for trees with extensive,
fine branching, often with species like elms. The trunk is straight and
upright. It branches out in all directions about 1/3 of the way up the
entire height of the tree. The branches and leaves form a ball-shaped
crown which can also be very beautiful during the winter months.
- The multi-trunk style, or Ikadabuki has all the trunks growing out of one
root system, and it actually is one single tree. All the trunks form one
crown of leaves, in which the thickest and most developed trunk forms
the top.
- The growing-in-a-rock, or Ishizuke style means the roots of the tree are
growing in the cracks and holes of the rock. There is not much room for
the roots to develop and take up nutrients. These trees are designed to
visually represent that the tree has to struggle to survive.
Size
classifications
Class
Size
cm
in
tiny
Mame
Keshi-tsubu
up to 2.5
up to 1
Shito
2.5 7.5
13
small
Shohin
Gafu
13 20
58
Komono
up to 18
up to 7.2
Myabi
1525
610
medium
Kifu
Katade-mochi
up to 40
16
medium to large
Chu/Chuhin
4060
1624
large
Dai/Daiza
Omono
up to 120
up to 48
Bonju
over 100
over 40
Not all sources agree on exact range of size ranges.
There are a number of specific techniques and styles associated with mame and shito sizes, the
smallest bonsai.
Indoor
bonsai
-
Indoor bonsai are bonsai which have been cultivated
for the indoor environment. Traditionally, bonsai are shaped from temperate climate
trees grown in containers but kept outdoors as they require full sunlight
and a winter dormancy period at near-freezing temperatures. Kept in the
artificial environment of a home, these trees will become weakened and
die. However, some of the most outstanding plants used for bonsai, members
of the genus Ficus, are
frost-sensitive and hence not capable of being grown all year outside in
cold climates.
For indoor gardens bonsai-growing techniques have
been applied to tropical plants that do not
require dormant periods. Because bonsai are rooted in small pots,
drought-resistant houseplants are best
suited for indoor bonsai cultivation.
Collecting
Bonsai may be developed from material obtained at
gardening centers, or from material collected from a wild or urban
landscape. Mature landscape plants which are being discarded from a site
can provide excellent material for bonsai. Some regions have plant
material that is known for its suitability in form - for example
theCalifornia Juniper and Sierra Juniper found in the
Sierra Mountains, the Ponderosa pine found in the
Rocky Mountains, and the Bald Cypress found in the
swamps of the Everglades.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bonsai listen (help·info) (Japanese: ??, (literally "bon planted", where a 'bon' is a tray-like pot typically used in bonsai culture[2][unreliable source?] ) is the art of aesthetic miniaturization of trees, or of developing woody or semi-woody plants shaped as trees, by growing them in containers. Cultivation includes techniques for shaping, watering, and repotting in various styles of containers.
'Bonsai' is a Japanese pronunciation of the earlier Chinese term penzai (??). The word bonsai is used in the West as an umbrella termfor all miniature trees in containers or pots.
History
Container-grown plants, including trees as well as other plants, have a history stretching back at least to the early times of Egyptian culture. Pictorial records from around 4000 BC show trees growing in containers cut into rock. Pharaoh Ramesses III donated gardens consisting of potted olives, date palms, and other plants to hundreds of temples. Pre-Common-Era India used container-grown trees for medicine and food.
The word penzai first appeared in writing in China during the Jin Dynasty, in the period 265AD 420AD. Over time, the practice developed into new forms in various parts of China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
Notably, container-grown trees were popularized in Japan during China's Song Dynasty, a period of cultural growth when the Japanese experienced and adopted their own versions of many mainland practices. At this time, the term for dwarf potted trees was "the bowl's tree" (??? hachi-no-ki[), denoting the use of a deep pot. The c.1300 rhymed prose essay, Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden, by the Japanese Zen monk Kokan Shiren, outlines aesthetic principles for bonsai,bonseki and garden architecture itself. At first, the Japanese used miniaturized trees grown in containers to decorate their homes and gardens.
During the Tokugawa period, landscape gardening attained new importance. Cultivation of plants such as azalea and maples became a pastime of the wealthy. Growing dwarf plants in containers was also popular. Around 1800, the Japanese changed the term they used for this art to their pronunciation of the Chinese penzaiwith its connotation of a shallower container in which the Japanese could now more successfully style small trees.[citation needed]
The oldest known living bonsai trees are in the collection at Happo-en (a private garden and exclusive restaurant) in Tokyo, Japan, where bonsai are between 400 to 800 years old.[citation needed]
Cultivation
|
|
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) |
Bonsai are not necessarily genetically dwarfed plants. They can be created from nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species which produces true branches and remains small through pot confinement with crown and root pruning. Some species are more sought after for use as bonsai material, because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or needles, that make them appropriate for the smaller design scope of bonsai. The purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation (for the viewer) and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity (for the grower). By contrast with other plant-related practices, bonsai is not intended for production of food (although some fruit trees can be used as bonsai bearing limited amounts of seasonal fruit), for medicine (although some woody herbs can be made into bonsai), or for creating yard-sized or park-sized landscapes. As a result, the scope of bonsai practice is narrow and focused on the successful long-term cultivation and shaping of one or more small trees in a single pot.
Techniques
The practice of bonsai incorporates a number of techniques either unique to bonsai or, if used in other forms of cultivation, applied in unusual ways that are particularly suitable to the bonsai domain.
Leaf trimming: This technique involves the selective removal of leaves (for most varieties of deciduous tree) or needles (for coniferous trees and some others) from a bonsai's trunk and branches. A common esthetic technique in bonsai design is to expose the tree's branches below groups of leaves or needles (sometimes called "pads"). In many species, particularly coniferous ones, this means that leaves or needles projecting below their branches must be trimmed off. For some coniferous varieties, such as spruce, branches carry needles from the trunk to the tip and many of these needles may be trimmed to expose the branch shape and bark. Needle and bud trimming can also be used in coniferous trees to force back-budding or budding on old wood, which may not occur naturally in many conifers. Along with pruning, leaf trimming is the most common activity used for bonsai development and maintenance, and the one that occurs most frequently during the year.
Pruning: The small size of the tree and some dwarfing of foliage result from pruning the trunk, branches, and roots. Improper pruning can weaken or kill trees. Careful pruning throughout the tree's life is necessary, however, to maintain a bonsai's basic design, which can otherwise disappear behind the uncontrolled natural growth of branches and leaves.
Wiring: Wrapping copper or aluminium wire around branches and trunks allows the bonsai designer to create the desired general form and make detailed branch and leaf placements. When wire is used on new branches or shoots, it holds the branches in place until theylignify (convert into wood), usually 69 months or one growing season. Wires are also used to connect a branch to another object (e.g., another branch, the pot itself) so that tightening the wire applies force to the branch. Some species do not lignify strongly, and some specimens' branches are too stiff or brittle to be bent easily. These cases are not conducive to wiring, and shaping them is accomplished primarily through pruning.
Clamping: For larger specimens, or species with stiffer wood, bonsai artists also use mechanical devices for shaping trunks and branches. The most common are screw-based clamps, which can straighten or bend a part of the bonsai using much greater force than wiring can supply. To prevent damage to the tree, the clamps are tightened a little at a time and make their changes over a period of months or years.
Grafting: In this technique, new growing material (typically a bud, branch, or root) is introduced to a prepared area on the trunk or under the bark of the tree. There are two major purposes for grafting in bonsai. First, a number of favorite species do not thrive as bonsai on their natural root stock and their trunks are often grafted onto hardier root stock. Examples include Japanese red maple and Japanese black pine. Second, grafting allows the bonsai artist to add branches (and sometimes roots) where they are needed to improve or complete a bonsai design. There are many applicable grafting techniques, none unique to bonsai, including branch grafting, bud grafting, thread grafting, and others.
Defoliation: Short-term dwarfing of foliage can be accomplished in certain deciduous bonsai by partial or total defoliation of the plant partway through the growing season. Not all species can survive this technique. In defoliating a healthy tree of a suitable species, most or all of the leaves are removed by clipping partway along each leaf's petiole (the thin stem that connects a leaf to its branch). Petioles later dry up and drop off or are manually removed once dry. The tree responds by producing a fresh crop of leaves. The new leaves are generally much smaller than those from the first crop, sometimes as small as half the length and width. If the bonsai is shown at this time, the smaller leaves contribute greatly to the bonsai esthetic of dwarfing. This change in leaf size is usually not permanent, and the leaves of the following spring will often be the normal size. Defoliation weakens the tree and should not be performed in two consecutive years.
Deadwood: Bonsai growers use deadwood bonsai techniques called jin and shari to simulate age and maturity in a bonsai. Jin is the term used when the bark from an entire branch is removed to create the impression of a snag of deadwood. Shari denotes stripping bark from areas of the trunk to simulate natural scarring from a broken limb or lightning strike. In addition to stripping bark, this technique may also involve the use of tools to scar the deadwood or to raise its grain, and the application of chemicals (usually lime sulfur) to bleach and preserve the exposed deadwood.
are
Watering
With limited space in a bonsai pot, regular attention is needed to ensure the tree is correctly watered. Sun, heat and wind exposure can dry bonsai trees to the point of drought in a short period of time. While some species can handle periods of relative dryness, others require near-constant moisture. Watering too frequently, or allowing the soil to remain soggy, promotes fungal infections and root rot. Free draining soil is used to prevent waterlogging. Deciduous trees are more at risk of dehydration and will wilt as the soil dries out. Evergreen trees, which tend to cope with dry conditions better, do not display signs of the problem until after damage has occurred.
Repotting
Bonsai are repotted and root-pruned at intervals dictated by the vigour and age of each tree. In the case of deciduous trees, this is done as the tree is leaving its dormant period, generally around springtime. Bonsai are often repotted while in development, and less often as they become more mature. This prevents them from becoming pot-bound and encourages the growth of new feeder roots, allowing the tree to absorb moisture more efficiently.
Pre-bonsai material known as potensai, are often placed in "growing boxes" which are made from scraps of fenceboard or wood slats. These large boxes allow the roots to grow more freely and increase the vigor of the tree. The second stage, after using a grow box, has been to replant the tree in a "training box;" this is often smaller and helps to create a smaller dense root mass which can be more easily moved into a final presentation pot.
Tools
Special tools are available for the maintenance of bonsai. The most common tool is the concave cutter (5th from left in picture), a tool designed to prune flush, without leaving a stub. Other tools include branch bending jacks, wire pliers and shears of different proportions for performing detail and rough shaping.
Soil and fertilization
Opinions about soil mixes and fertilization vary widely among practitioners. Some promote the use of organic fertilizers to augment an essentially inorganic soil mix, while others will use chemical fertilizers freely. Most use the general rule of little and often due to the flushing effect when watering, taking care to use the correct fertilizer at any given time in each season, depending on the tree's requirements. Bonsai soil is primarily a loose, fast-draining mix of components, often a base mixture of coarse sand or gravel, fired clay pellets or expanded shale combined with an organic component such as peat or bark. In Japan, volcanic soils based on clay are preferred, such as akadama, or "red ball" soil, and kanuma, a type of yellow pumice used for azaleas and other calcifuges.
Location and overwintering
Bonsai are sometimes marketed or promoted as house plants, but few of the traditional bonsai species can thrive or even survive inside a typical house. The best guideline to identifying a suitable location for a bonsai is its native hardiness. If the bonsai grower can closely replicate the full year's temperature, humidity, and sunlight, the bonsai should do well. In practice, this means that trees from a hardiness zone closely matching the grower's location will generally be the easiest to grow, and others will require more work or will not be viable at all.
Outdoors
Most bonsai species are outdoor trees and shrubs by nature, and they require temperature, humidity, and sunlight conditions approximating their native climate year round. The skill of the gardener can help plants from outside the local hardiness zone to survive and even thrive, but doing so takes careful watering, shielding of selected bonsai from excessive sunlight or wind, and possibly protection from winter conditions (e.g., through the use of cold boxes or winter greenhouses).
Traditional bonsai species (particularly those from the Japanese tradition) are temperate climate trees, and require moderate temperatures, moderate humidity, and full sun in summer with a dormancy period in winter that may need be near freezing. They do not thrive indoors, where the light is generally too dim, and humidity often too low, for them to grow properly. Only in the dormant period can they safely be brought indoors, and even then the plants require cold temperatures and lighting that approximates the number of hours the sun is visible. Raising the temperature or providing more hours of light than available from natural daylight can cause the bonsai to break dormancy, which often weakens or kills it.
Indoors
Tropical and Mediterranean species typically require consistent temperatures close to room temperature, and with correct lighting and humidity many species can be kept indoors all year. Those from cooler climates may benefit from a winter dormancy period, but temperatures need not be dropped as far as for the temperate climate plants and a north-facing windowsill or open window may provide the right conditions for a few winter months.
Containers
Containers come in a variety of shapes and colors, and may be glazed or unglazed. Containers with straight sides and sharp corners are generally better suited to formally presented plants, while oval or round containers might be used for plants with informal shapes. Most evergreen bonsai are placed in unglazed pots, while deciduous trees are planted in glazed pots. The color of the pot should complement the tree, and many formal and informal rules guide the selection of pot finish and color for a particular tree. Pots are also distinguished by their size. The design of the bonsai tree, the thickness of its trunk, and its height can all be considered when determining the size of of a suitable pot.
Some pots are highly collectible, like ancient Chinese or Japanese pots made in regions with experienced pot makers such asTokoname, Japan or Yixing, China. Today many western potters throughout Europe and the United States produce fine quality pots for Bonsai.
Unlike many common plant containers, bonsai pots have drainage holes to allow excess water to drain. The grower usually covers the holes with a plastic screen or mesh to prevent soil from escaping and pests from entering the pots from below.
Common styles
In English, the most common styles include: formal upright, slant, informal upright, cascade, semi-cascade, raft, literati, and group/forest.
- The formal upright style, or Chokkan, is characterized by a straight, upright, tapering trunk. The trunk and branches of the informal upright style, or Moyogi, may incorporate pronounced bends and curves, but the apex of the informal upright is always located directly over where the trunk begins at the soil line.
- Slant-style, or Shakan, bonsai possess straight trunks like those of bonsai grown in the formal upright style. However, the slant style trunk emerges from the soil at an angle, and the apex of the bonsai will be located to the left or right of the root base.
- Cascade-style, or Kengai, bonsai are modeled after trees which grow over water or on the sides of mountains. The apex, or tip of the tree in the Semi-cascade-style, or Han Kengai, bonsai extend just at or beneath the lip of the bonsai pot; the apex of a (full) cascade style falls below the base of the pot.
- Raft-style, or Netsuranari, bonsai mimic a natural phenomenon that occurs when a tree topples onto its side (typically due to erosion or another natural force) and branches along the exposed side of the trunk, growing as if they are a group of new trunks. Sometimes, roots will develop from buried portions of the trunk. Raft-style bonsai can have sinuous, straight-line, or slanting trunks, all giving the illusion that they are a group of separate trees -- while actually being the branches of a tree planted on its side.
- The literati style, or Bunjin-gi, bonsai is characterized by a generally bare trunk line, with branches reduced to a minimum, and typically placed higher up on a long, often contorted trunk. This style derives its name from the Chinese literati, who were often artists, and some of whom painted Chinese brush paintings, like those found in the ancient text, The Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Painting, depicting pine trees that grew in harsh climates, struggling to reach sunlight. In Japan, the literati style is known as bunjin-gi (???). (Bunjin is a translation of the Chinese phrase wenren meaning "scholars practiced in the arts" and gi is a derivative of the Japanese word, ki, for "tree").
- The group or forest style, or Yose Ue, comprises a planting of more than one tree (typically an odd number if there are three or more trees, and essentially never 4 because of its significance in China) in a bonsai pot. The trees are usually the same species, with a variety of heights employed to add visual interest and to reflect the age differences encountered in mature forests.
- The root-over-rock style, or Sekijoju, is a style in which the roots of a tree (typically a fig tree) are wrapped around a rock. The rock is at the base of the trunk, with the roots exposed to varying degrees.
- The broom style, or Hokidachi is employed for trees with extensive, fine branching, often with species like elms. The trunk is straight and upright. It branches out in all directions about 1/3 of the way up the entire height of the tree. The branches and leaves form a ball-shaped crown which can also be very beautiful during the winter months.
- The multi-trunk style, or Ikadabuki has all the trunks growing out of one root system, and it actually is one single tree. All the trunks form one crown of leaves, in which the thickest and most developed trunk forms the top.
- The growing-in-a-rock, or Ishizuke style means the roots of the tree are growing in the cracks and holes of the rock. There is not much room for the roots to develop and take up nutrients. These trees are designed to visually represent that the tree has to struggle to survive.
Size classifications
| Class | Size | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cm | in | |||
| tiny | Mame | Keshi-tsubu | up to 2.5 | up to 1 |
| Shito | 2.5 7.5 | 13 | ||
| small | Shohin | Gafu | 13 20 | 58 |
| Komono | up to 18 | up to 7.2 | ||
| Myabi | 1525 | 610 | ||
| medium | Kifu | Katade-mochi | up to 40 | 16 |
| medium to large | Chu/Chuhin | 4060 | 1624 | |
| large | Dai/Daiza | Omono | up to 120 | up to 48 |
| Bonju | over 100 | over 40 | ||
Not all sources agree on exact range of size ranges. There are a number of specific techniques and styles associated with mame and shito sizes, the smallest bonsai.
Indoor bonsai
Indoor bonsai are bonsai which have been cultivated for the indoor environment. Traditionally, bonsai are shaped from temperate climate trees grown in containers but kept outdoors as they require full sunlight and a winter dormancy period at near-freezing temperatures. Kept in the artificial environment of a home, these trees will become weakened and die. However, some of the most outstanding plants used for bonsai, members of the genus Ficus, are frost-sensitive and hence not capable of being grown all year outside in cold climates.
For indoor gardens bonsai-growing techniques have been applied to tropical plants that do not require dormant periods. Because bonsai are rooted in small pots, drought-resistant houseplants are best suited for indoor bonsai cultivation.
Collecting
Bonsai may be developed from material obtained at gardening centers, or from material collected from a wild or urban landscape. Mature landscape plants which are being discarded from a site can provide excellent material for bonsai. Some regions have plant material that is known for its suitability in form - for example theCalifornia Juniper and Sierra Juniper found in the Sierra Mountains, the Ponderosa pine found in the Rocky Mountains, and the Bald Cypress found in the swamps of the Everglades.